Arrowroots, locally known as nduma, are a popular water crop in Kenya, valued for their high nutritional content and versatility in Kenyan cuisine. Farming arrowroots has gained traction among small-scale and commercial farmers, thanks to the crop’s adaptability, demand in both local and urban markets, and minimal susceptibility to pests and diseases.
This guide explores the varieties, ecological requirements, planting methods, management practices, and market potential of arrowroots farming in Kenya.
Nutritional Benefits of Arrowroots
Arrowroots are rich in essential nutrients, making them a healthy addition to diets. They contain:
- Iron, zinc, phosphorus, and potassium
- Vitamins B and C
- Manganese and riboflavin
These nutrients support immune health, metabolism, and bone strength. Arrowroots are also known for their low-calorie count and are ideal for people with dietary restrictions or diabetes.
Popular Arrowroot Varieties in Kenya
There are two major varieties of arrowroots grown in Kenya:
- Dasheen Variety
- Characteristics: Large tubers, typically used for large-scale farming.
- Preferred growing areas: Marshy regions and waterlogged soils.
- Eddoe Variety
- Characteristics: Smaller tubers, more common among small-scale farmers in Kenya.
- Market demand: Highly sought after in local markets for its rich flavor and ease of preparation.
Ecological Requirements for Growing Arrowroots
Arrowroots thrive in specific environmental conditions. Below are the ideal growing conditions:
- Soil: Well-drained loamy soil with a pH of 5.5 – 6.5
- Moisture: Requires consistent moisture throughout the growing period
- Rainfall: Adequate and well-distributed rainfall
- Temperature: Can tolerate moderate climates, though marshy lowlands with sufficient water are ideal
Land Preparation for Arrowroots Farming
To optimize production, thorough land preparation is essential:
- Ploughing: Deep ploughing ensures the soil is well-aerated and free from weeds.
- Harrowing: Should be done 2-3 times to break down large clods, creating fine soil tilth.
- Site Selection: Choose land close to marshes or riverbanks, but arrowroots can also be cultivated using upland farming technology (discussed below).
Planting Methods
1. Propagation
- Arrowroots are propagated using suckers, rhizomes, or rootstock.
- Select rhizomes with 2 or more nodes for better germination.
- Recommended spacing is 1.0m by 0.75m when planting on ridges.
2. Upland Arrowroots Technology
- Upland technology allows farmers to grow arrowroots away from water bodies.
- Trenches are dug and lined with polythene sheets to retain moisture.
- This method is gaining popularity in urban and peri-urban areas where access to marshy land is limited.
Pests and Diseases in Arrowroots Farming
Though arrowroots are relatively resistant to serious pests, farmers should remain vigilant.
Common Pests:
- Leaf rollers and coleoptera etheus
- Control Measures: Use arsenical sprays and maintain proper field hygiene.
Diseases:
- Leaf mosaic, bacterial wilt, and banded leaf blight are the most common diseases.
- Control Measures: Apply fungicides such as maneb and copper-based sprays.
Farm Management Practices
1. Weeding
- Regular weeding is crucial to reduce competition for nutrients and moisture.
2. Irrigation
- For upland-grown arrowroots, irrigation is necessary to maintain soil moisture.
- Drip irrigation is an effective option for farmers looking to conserve water.
3. Pruning and Thinning
- Pruning damaged or old leaves encourages healthy tuber development.
Harvesting Arrowroots
Arrowroots mature in 8 to 10 months, with harvesting typically done when the leaves start turning yellow and shrink. To avoid damaging the tubers:
- Loosen the soil around the tuber gently before uprooting.
- Harvest only what is needed to avoid spoilage, as arrowroots store poorly in fresh form.
Market for Arrowroots in Kenya
There is a strong market demand for arrowroots in Kenya, fueled by a growing interest in healthy and organic foods. Below are some avenues to sell arrowroots:
1. Local Markets
- Arrowroots are sold in open-air markets and groceries across Kenya, with prices ranging from Ksh 50 to Ksh 100 per tuber, depending on size and location.
- Farmers markets like the Nairobi Farmers Market and Fig Tree Market offer platforms to sell directly to consumers.
2. Supermarkets and Grocery Stores
- Large supermarkets, including Naivas, Carrefour, and Quickmart, stock arrowroots due to rising urban demand.
3. Hotels and Restaurants
- Arrowroots are a popular breakfast item in hotels and restaurants serving traditional Kenyan food.
4. Export Opportunities
- With the rise in demand for organic and healthy foods abroad, there is potential to export arrowroots to markets in Europe and the Middle East.
- Certification through bodies like Kenya Organic Agriculture Network (KOAN) can help access export markets.
Profitability of Arrowroots Farming in Kenya
Arrowroots farming is a lucrative venture, especially for farmers with access to consistent water sources.
- On average, a farmer can harvest up to 10-15 tonnes per acre.
- With market prices between Ksh 50 to Ksh 100 per tuber, farmers can generate significant profits from even a small plot.
The low susceptibility to pests and diseases also reduces production costs, making it ideal for both subsistence and commercial farming.
A Growing Opportunity for Farmers
Arrowroots farming in Kenya presents an excellent opportunity for farmers seeking a low-risk, profitable agribusiness. With innovations like upland arrowroot technology, even farmers in areas without marshy land can benefit from this nutritious crop.
To succeed in arrowroot farming, proper land preparation, regular irrigation, and market planning are essential. As demand for healthy foods rises both locally and internationally, farmers can tap into lucrative markets and diversify their income streams with arrowroots.
